A Language of Lines

Even as institutions evolved, they continued to standardize lines. Almost a century after Joseph Enthoffer published his work with the US Coast Survey, another federal agency, the US Geological Survey continued to create topographic maps of the country. In the large surveys spanning thousands of sheets created by the US Geological Survey, mapmakers and readers alike needed reminders of the subtle differences in lines. Responding to changes in technology and new mapping needs resulting from the second World War, such as aerial photography, mapmakers added their own recommendations on how to best use lines.